The Scrum methodology approach centers on iterative and incremental development, promoting flexibility and continuous improvement. It divides projects into small, manageable units called Sprints, usually lasting two to four weeks. During each Sprint, cross-functional teams work collaboratively to achieve specific goals and deliver potentially shippable product increments. Key roles in Scrum include the Product Owner, who prioritizes the backlog; the Scrum Master, who facilitates the process; and the Development Team, who execute the work. Scrum ceremonies, such as Sprint Planning, Daily Stand-ups, Sprint Reviews, and Retrospectives, ensure constant communication, feedback, and refinement. This approach enables teams to adapt to changes quickly and deliver high-quality products efficiently.

Scrum methodology relies on three core artifacts to ensure effective communication and transparency within the team. The Product Backlog is a dynamic list of all desired work on the project. The Sprint Backlog outlines tasks for a specific sprint. The Increment represents the completed, usable portion of the product, demonstrating progress towards the project goal.

Scrum artifacts, as defined by Scrumstudy, are crucial components that provide key information about the product development process. The primary Scrum artifacts include the Product Backlog, Sprint Backlog, and Increment. The Product Backlog is an exhaustive list of all desired work on the project, prioritized by the Product Owner to ensure the team is working on the most valuable items. The Sprint Backlog, derived from the Product Backlog, consists of the tasks selected for a Sprint and represents a commitment by the team to deliver a subset of product features. The Increment is the sum of all the Product Backlog items completed during a Sprint, plus the value of the increments of all previous Sprints, and must be in a usable condition regardless of whether the Product Owner decides to release it. 

Well if we roughly translate the Latin roots of the word, it translates to “Work of Art”. Artifacts can be understood as something that we create. It could be something like a tool that can be used to solve a problem. In the context of Scrum, we work with three fundamental artifacts necessary to deliver a Scrum project effectively.

1. Prioritized Product Backlog

The Product Owner develops a Prioritized Product Backlog which contains a prioritized list of business and project requirements written in the form of Epic(s), which are high level User Stories. The Prioritized Product Backlog is based on three primary factors: value, risk or uncertainty, and dependencies. It also encompasses all Approved Changes that can be appropriately prioritized in the Prioritized Product Backlog.

1. Value—It is the Product Owner’s responsibility to ensure delivery of those products that provide the highest level of business value first. Even an extremely valuable product may not be part of the first release if there are other products of even higher value that are sufficient for a first release.
2. Risk and Uncertainty—The more uncertainty that exists, the riskier the project is. Therefore, it is important that riskier products in the Prioritized Product Backlog are given higher priority. Products carrying a higher level of risk will also require risk mitigation actions. When these risk mitigation actions are prioritized against the backlog, the result is a Risk Adjusted Product Backlog.
3. Dependencies—It is usually not possible to create a Prioritized Product Backlog in which there are no dependencies between User Stories. Functional requirements often depend on other functional and even non-functional requirements. These dependencies can impact how the User Stories in the Prioritized Product Backlog are prioritized.
4. Estimates—High level estimates for Epic(s) are also available in the Prioritized Product Backlog.

1. Sprint Backlog

The list of the tasks to be executed by the Scrum Team in the upcoming Sprint is called the Sprint Backlog. It is common practice that the Sprint Backlog is represented on a Scrumboard or task board, which provides a constantly visible depiction of the status of the User Stories in the backlog. Also included in the Sprint Backlog are any risks associated with the various tasks. Any mitigating activities to address the identified risks would also be included as tasks in the Sprint Backlog.

Once the Sprint Backlog is finalized and committed to by the Scrum Team, new User Stories should not be added; however, tasks that might have been missed or overlooked from the committed User Stories may need to be added. If new requirements arise during a Sprint, they will be added to the overall Prioritized Product Backlog and included in a future Sprint.

1. The Sprint Deliverables and Definition of Done

Done Criteria are a set of rules that are applicable to all User Stories. A clear definition of Done is critical because it removes ambiguity from requirements and helps the team adhere to mandatory quality norms.

At the end of each Sprint, a product increment or deliverable is completed. The deliverable should possess all features and functionality defined in the User Stories included in the Sprint and should have been tested successfully.

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